Abstract art, in general terms, is art made with the non-representational or personal use of shapes and colors rather than depicting natural objects existing in nature. It is used interchangeably with the term nonfigurative art. At the beginning of the 20th century, the term was also used to describe Cubist and Futurist art, which reduced primary forms to images in their simplified or modified state.
Non-representational art is not really a 20th-century invention. Due to the prohibition of depicting people in Islamic and Jewish traditions, decorative arts have developed significantly in these cultures. Calligraphy, which can be given as an example, is nonfigurative art. In Western culture, the roots of abstract designs go back to ancient times. Despite these, abstract art, unlike decorative arts, is studied under the name of fine arts, not decorative. This is because the abstract work of art emerges by itself when the artist concentrates only on the work itself.
Wassily Kandinsky believed that besides science, which increases our knowledge of matter by dealing with the dynamic forces in nature, art should show the spiritual details behind the visual world. For the first time, Kandinsky and Kazimir Malevich made paintings that could be described as entirely abstract.
Constructivism (1915) and De Stijl (1917) are parallel movements that carried abstraction to the third dimension of sculpture and architecture. Abstract expressionism, which continued from the 1940s to the 60s, and Op-art and Minimalism, which were common in the 1960s, are also abstract art movements. Today, it is common to examine works of art in general independently of the actions. For example, completely nonfigurative paintings and photorealistic paintings that Gerhard Richter made and exhibited simultaneously can be shown.
On the other hand, while there is an abstraction in most paintings, the concept of abstraction appears even in photography, apart from photorealism. This is because it is actually a processed version of the actual image and isolates itself from time and space.
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