A device designed to produce visible radiation is called a Lamp. Today, incandescent filament lamps, which are the most basic light source, produce light with incandescent radiation, while discharge lamps, known for their high luminous efficiency, produce light by electrical discharge in the gas.
The value of the luminous flux produced by a lamp by consuming 1 Watt is the luminous efficiency value of that lamp. However, factors such as outdoor temperature, ballast characteristics, lamp burning position, changes in mains voltage, usage time can cause changes in lamp efficiency. The average usage time of the lamp under standard operating conditions is called the lamp life. The fluctuations in the mains voltage, dust, humidity, vibration, on-off frequency, ambient temperature, the characteristics of the elements such as the starter and ballast affect the lamp life. Lamps are also evaluated by their re-operation conditions, the number of switching, and the mains frequency disturbances.
White-hot lamps are one of the oldest electric light sources and are widely used today because they are inexpensive and easy to install. Incandescent lamps produce light by flowing current through a filament made of tungsten wire as a result of the incandescent reddening of the wire. Incandescent lamps produce a uniform and continuous spectrum. The luminous efficiency of the lamps is 8-22 lm/W depending on the power and structure of the lamp. Radiation occurs in the visible region as a result of an average temperature of 1500 °C on the filament. Tungsten wire obtained from the tungsten mine is used as the filament wire in the lamp due to its very high melting point and low evaporation feature. The wire is spiral and twisted in order to reduce both heat loss and material loss as a result of evaporation. The filament wire is placed on the support wires in order not to be affected by the vibrations and stresses that may occur during transportation and use. The structure surrounding the entire internal system of the lamp is heat-resistant glass. This jar prevents the flame from coming into contact with the atmosphere, preventing it from burning with oxygen during operation. Lamps are designed to make smooth, diffuse, or isotropic diffuse transmission by using the light transmission property of glass. High-temperature values occur with the light formed as a result of the current passing over the filament. This temperature value increases rapidly as the adjacent windings affect each other. This increase must be kept within certain limits. If the heat generated is not removed from the filament, it will shorten the lamp life. Therefore, the inside of the glass is filled with an argon-nitrogen gas mixture to remove the heat on the filament and prevent capillary arc events that may occur between the filament windings. The increase in the voltage applied to the lamp increases the total luminous flux emitted by the lamp. At voltages above the rated voltage, argon-nitrogen gas is insufficient to prevent arc formation and reduces lamp life. Therefore, incandescent lamps are affected by the mains voltage. The lamp life specified for these lamps is an average of 1,000 hours for 220V voltage and 1% mains fluctuation.
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