History of Uzbekistan

About History of Uzbekistan

(Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча)

Oʻzbekiston (rasman: Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) — Markaziy Osiyoning markaziy qismida joylashgan mamlakat. Oʻzbekistonning poytaxti Toshkent shahri boʻlib, davlat tili oʻzbek tili hisoblanadi. Maydoni — 448,978 km2. Aholi soni 2022-yil 9-dekabr kuni O‘zbekiston aholisi 36 milliondan oshdi. Hozirda mamlakatning umumiy aholisi soni 36 001 236 nafarni tashkil qilmoqda. Pul birligi — soʻm. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi hududi 12 ta viloyat, Toshkent shahri va Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasidan iboratdir, shuningdek, u mustaqil, demokratik, dunyoviy va konstitutsiyaviy davlat hisoblanadi. Oʻzbekiston MDH, BMT, YXHT va SHHT aʼzosidir. Oʻzbekiston berk hududda ya'ni qirgʻoqqa ega boʻlmagan besh mamlakat bilan, yaʼni: shimoldan Qozogʻiston; shimoli-sharqdan Qirgʻiziston; janubi-sharqdan Tojikiston; janubdan Afgʻoniston; va janubi-gʻarbiy qismida Turkmaniston bilan chegaradosh.

Oʻzbekiston iqtisodiyoti bozor iqtisodiyotiga bosqichma-bosqich oʻtadi, tashqi savdo siyosati import oʻrnini bosishga asoslangan. 2017-yil sentabridan boshlab mamlakat valyutasi bozor kursi boʻyicha toʻliq konvertatsiya qilinmoqda. Oʻzbekiston paxta tolasini ishlab chiqaruvchi va eksport qiluvchi yirik ta'minotchi davlatdir. Mamlakatda, shuningdek, dunyodagi eng yirik oltin konlari mavjud. Sovet davridagi ulkan energiya ishlab chiqarish qurilmalari va tabiiy gazni yetkazib berish bilan Oʻzbekiston Markaziy Osiyodagi eng yirik elektr ishlab chiqaruvchisi boʻldi.

(English)

Uzbekistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia. It is itself surrounded by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south, Turkmenistan to the south-west. Its capital and largest city is Tashkent. Uzbekistan is part of the Turkic languages world, as well as a member of the Organization of Turkic States. While the Uzbek language is the majority spoken language in Uzbekistan, Russian is widely used as an inter-ethnic tongue and in government. Islam is the majority religion in Uzbekistan, most Uzbeks being non-denominational Muslims. In ancient times it largely overlapped with the region known as Sogdia, and also with Bactria.

The first people recorded in Central Asia were Scythians who came from the northern grasslands of what is now Uzbekistan, sometime in the first millennium BC; when these nomads settled in the region they built an extensive irrigation system along the rivers. At this time, cities such as Bukhoro (Bukhara) and Samarqand (Samarkand) emerged as centres of government and high culture. By the fifth century BC, the Bactrian, Soghdian, and Tokharian states dominated the region. As China began to develop its silk trade with the West, Persian cities took advantage of this commerce by becoming centres of trade. Using an extensive network of cities and rural settlements the Sogdian intermediaries became the wealthiest of these Iranian merchants. As a result of this trade on what became known as the Silk Route, Bukhara, Samarkand and Khiva eventually became extremely wealthy cities, and at times Transoxiana (Mawarannahr) was one of the most influential and powerful Persian provinces of antiquity. A remote part of the Persian Empire, the area was briefly conquered by Alexander the Great, and was known as Sogdia at this time. It, or parts of it, then passed through the Seleucid Empire, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Kushan Empire, Hephthalite Empire, and Sasanian Empire. As Turkic peoples arrived in the area, largely replacing Iranic peoples, the Sogdian city-states formed part of the First Turkic Khaganate and Western Turkic Khaganate.