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About History of Iceland

(Íslenska)

Saga Íslands er saga byggðar og menningar á Íslandi, sem er stutt miðað við sögu landa á meginlandi Evrópu. Landnám hófst seint á 9. öld eftir Krist og byggðist landið fljótt, einkum frá Noregi (en einnig Bretlandseyjum). Landið tilheyrði engu ríki þar til Íslendingar gengu Noregskonungi á hönd með undirritun Gamla sáttmála árið 1262/64. Noregur og Ísland urðu svo hluti af Danaveldi 1380. Samhliða þjóðernisvakningu víða um Evrópu ágerðist þjóðhyggja og sjálfstæðisbarátta Íslendinga eftir því sem leið á 19. öldina og lauk með því að Ísland hlaut fullveldi 1. desember 1918. Danski konungurinn hélt þó áfram að vera konungur Íslands þar til Lýðveldið Ísland var stofnað 17. júní 1944 og varð þá að fullu sjálfstætt.

Sögu langra tímabila má greina niður í styttri tímabil eftir víðtækum stjórnarfarslegum, tæknilegum og félagslegum breytingum sem má afmarka með nokkuð skýrum hætti. En því fer þó fjarri að hægt sé að ákvarða endanlega hvaða atriði skipti mestu máli í sögu Íslands þannig að allir séu sammála. Þannig hefur ein athugun á 11 námsbókum í Íslandssögu á grunnskólastigi leitt í ljós að aðeins 12% nafngreindra einstaklinga eru konur á sama tíma og 93% höfundanna eru karlar. Sem dæmi sé gjarnan fjallað um landnámsmanninn Ingólf Arnarsson, sem fyrstur byggði Ísland, og Hallveigar konu hans sé lítið getið.



(English)

The recorded history of Iceland began with the settlement by Viking explorers and the people they enslaved from Western Europe, particularly in modern-day Norway and the British Isles, in the late ninth century. Iceland was still uninhabited long after the rest of Western Europe had been settled. Recorded settlement has conventionally been dated back to 874, although archaeological evidence indicates Gaelic monks from Ireland, known as papar according to sagas, may have settled Iceland earlier.

The land was settled quickly, mainly by Norsemen who may have been fleeing conflict or seeking new land to farm. By 930, the chieftains had established a form of governance, the Althing, making it one of the world's oldest parliaments. Towards the end of the tenth century, Christianity came to Iceland through the influence of the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason. During this time, Iceland remained independent, a period known as the Old Commonwealth, and Icelandic historians began to document the nation's history in books referred to as sagas of Icelanders. In the early thirteenth century, the internal conflict known as the age of the Sturlungs weakened Iceland, which eventually became subjugated to Norway over the 13th century. The Old Covenant (1262–1264), and the adoption of Jónsbók (1281) effectively ended the Icelandic Commonwealth. Norway, in turn, was united with Sweden (1319) and then Denmark (1376). Eventually all of the Nordic states were united in one alliance, the Kalmar Union (1397–1523), but on its dissolution, Iceland fell under Danish rule. The subsequent strict Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was detrimental to the economy. Iceland's resultant poverty was aggravated by severe natural disasters like the Móðuharðindin or "Mist Hardships". During this time, the population declined.

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