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About History of Macau

(中文)

澳門歷史是指澳門範圍內由史前時期到2000年代澳門的地理、面貌、事物和人民生活的重大變遷。結合歷史記載和考古發掘,證實澳門至少已有5000多年的歷史;有一個現象值得注意,澳門甚少發現秦漢至隋代的文物,而唐代及以後的文物出土較多. 推斷秦漢至隋代人煙稀少,到了唐代纔又有較多居民遷來此地定居。自十六世紀葡萄牙人抵達澳門以來,澳門便成為東方其中一個重要的港口,是溝通東西方文明的門徑、西方與華人交流的窗戶,為東西方文化的交流及共存提供了重要的平台,而這種交流及共存亦塑造澳門本身獨特的個性,以及豐富多元的歷史文化。

在葡萄牙人抵達澳門之前,已有華人漁民和農民在這裏生活(蜑家人和客家人)。南宋末年,宋元兩軍曾在澳門附近的水域(十字門)展開水戰,當時隨南宋軍隊逃亡的客藉難民,軍眷便成為九澳和路環的居民。而福佬人自回歸後移民來澳,澳門更有相關文獻記載。自1557年起,葡萄牙人便逐步在澳門定居,使澳門成為一個有規模的商業城市。澳門是歐洲在中國最早的據點,亦是中國、歐洲和日本之間重要的貿易中轉站,為葡萄牙人帶來了極大的商業和戰略價值。

澳門開埠以來,澳門的重要性不斷提高,歐洲列強荷蘭和英國等也曾試圖佔領澳門。澳門的發展在十六世紀和十七世紀初達到了顛峰。到了十九世紀,由於鄰近的香港被英國佔據及開通,澳門在國際貿易上的地位便開始被香港取代並快速下滑。1865年,澳門建成南中國海岸的第一座燈塔——東望洋燈塔。1887年,清政府與葡萄牙王國在北京簽署了《中葡和好通商條約》,官方認可了葡萄牙永久佔領澳門的主權。1999年,澳門主權移交至中華人民共和國,澳門特別行政區成立。

(English)

Macau is a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China. It was leased to Portugal in 1557 as a trading post in exchange for a symbolic annual rent of 500 tael. Despite remaining under Chinese sovereignty and authority, the Portuguese came to consider and administer Macau as a de facto colony. Following the signing of the Treaty of Nanking between China and Britain in 1842, and the signing of treaties between China and foreign powers during the 1860s, establishing the benefit of "the most favoured nation" for them, the Portuguese attempted to conclude a similar treaty in 1862, but the Chinese refused, owing to a misunderstanding over the sovereignty of Macau. In 1887 the Portuguese finally managed to secure an agreement from China that Macau was Portuguese territory. In 1999 it was handed over to China. Macau was the last extant European territory in continental Asia.

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