ওসমানীয় খিলাফাত ~ Usmani khilafat ~Otoman Empire

About ওসমানীয় খিলাফাত ~ Usmani khilafat ~Otoman Empire

পনের শতাব্দীতে সামরিক ও অর্থনৈতিক শক্তিতে অটোমানরা ছিল জগতের শ্রেষ্ঠ সাম্রাজ্য। এশিয়া ছাড়াও সুদূর দক্ষিণপূর্ব ইউরোপেও প্রাধান্য ছিল অটোমান সুলতানদের। একটা সময় পূর্ব ও উত্তর আফ্রিকাও তাদের দখলে চলে যায়। ইতিহাস বিখ্যাত দানিয়ুব নদীর তীরবর্তী অঞ্চল থেকে শুরু করে নীল নদ অবধি প্রসারিত অটোমান সাম্রাজ্যের শক্তিশালী সামরিক বাহিনী, লাভজনক অর্থনৈতিক অঞ্চল, বিখ্যাত সব স্থাপনা এবং জ্যোতির্বিদ্যার সুদূরপ্রসারী উন্নতি বিশ্বের অন্যসব সম্রাটের ঈর্ষার কারণ ছিল।

আমরা খুব সহজে যেন পড়া যায় এই জন্য এই এপ্যটি করেছি। কিছু প্রয়োজনীয় টুলস সংযোজন করেছি। আশা করি ভালো একটা অ্যাাপ হিসেবে পাবেন এটা। আপনাদের পরামর্শ একান্ত কাম্য।
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The Ottoman Empire was a state that controlled much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, at the height of its power, under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling most of Southeastern Europe, Central Europe, Western Asia, parts of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Northern Africa, and the Horn of Africa.[20] At the beginning of the 17th century, the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy over the course of centuries.With Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. While the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians.The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military throughout the 17th and for much of the 18th century. However, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian empires. The Ottomans consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, which prompted them to initiate a comprehensive process of reform and modernisation known as the Tanzimat. Thus, over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organised, despite suffering further territorial losses, especially in the Balkans, where a number of new states emerged.With the 1913 coup d'état bringing the nationalistic and radical Committee of Union and Progress to power, the empire allied itself with Germany hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation which had contributed to its recent territorial losses, and thus joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. During this time, genocide was committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks.
The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in its partitioning and the loss of its Middle Eastern territories, which were divided between the United Kingdom and France.