History of Ethiopia/የኢትዮጵያ ታሪክ

(English)

Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in Africa; the emergence of Ethiopian civilization dates back thousands of years. Abyssinia or rather "Ze Etiyopia" was ruled by the Semitic Abyssinians (Habesha) composed mainly of the Amhara and Tigray, the Cushitic Agaw. In the Eastern escarpment of the Ethiopian highlands and more so the lowlands was the home of the Arab-descended Harari that founded Sultanates such as Ifat and Adal and the Afars. In the central and south were found the ancient Sidama and Semitic Gurage, among others.

One of the first kingdoms to rise to power in the territory was the kingdom of D'mt in the 10th century BC, which established its capital at Yeha. In the first century AD the Aksumite Kingdom rose to power in the modern Tigray Region with its capital at Aksum and grew into a major power on the Red Sea, subjugating South Arabia and Meroe and its surrounding areas. In the early fourth century, during the reign of Ezana, Christianity was declared the state religion. Ezana's reign is also when the Aksumites first identified themselves as "Ethiopians", and not long after, Philostorgius became the first foreign author to call the Aksumites Ethiopians. The Aksumite empire fell into decline with the rise of Islam in the Arabian peninsula, which slowly shifted trade away from the Christian Aksum. It eventually became isolated, its economy slumped and Aksum's commercial domination of the region ended. The Aksumites gave way to the Zagwe dynasty, who established a new capital at Lalibela before giving way to the Solomonic dynasty in the 13th century. During the early Solomonic period, Ethiopia went through military reforms and imperial expansion that allowed it to dominate the Horn of Africa.

(አማርኛ)

ኢትዮጵያ ወይም በይፋ የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ (ኢ.ፌ.ዲ.ሪ.) በአፍሪካ ቀንድ የምትገኝ የረጅም ዘመን ታሪክ ያላት ሀገር ናት። በአፍሪካ ነፃነቷን ጠብቃ የኖረች ብቸኛ ሀገር ነች። በህዝብ ብዛት ከአፍሪካ ኢትዮጵያ ሁለተኛ ስትሆን ፣ በቆዳ ስፋት ደግሞ አስረኛ ናት። ዋና ከተማዋ አዲስ አበባ ናት።

አብዛኛዎቹ የአፍሪካ ሀገሮች ዕድሜያቸው ከአንድ ምዕተ-ዓመት የሚያንስ ሲሆን ፣ ኢትዮጵያ ግን ከጥንት ጊዜ ጀምሮ በንጉሠ-ነገሥታት እና ንግሥተ-ነግሥታት የተመራች ሀገር ናት። የሰለሞናዊው ሥርወ-መንግሥት የአመጣጡን ዘር እስከ አስረኛው ዓመተ-ዓለም ድረስ ይቆጥራል። ኢትዮጵያ የሰው ልጅ ከጥንት ጊዜ ጀምሮ የኖረባት ቦታ እንደሆነች ብዙ የሳይንሳዊ መረጃ ተግኝቷል። በበርሊን ጉባኤ በኩል የአውሮፓ ሀያላት ሀገሮች አፍሪካን ሲከፋፍሏት፣ ኢትዮጵያ ነፃነቷን ጠብቃለች። የሊግ ኦፍ ኔሽንስ (League of Nations) አባል ከነበሩት ሶስት የአፍሪካ ሀገሮች አንዷ ነበረች። ከአጭር የኢጣልያ ወረራ ጊዜ በኋላም ከየተባበሩት መንግሥታት መሥራቾች አንዷ ናት። ከሁለተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት በኋላ ብዙ የአፍሪካ ሀገራት ነፃነታቸውን ሲያገኙ፣ ሰንደቅ-አላማቸውን በኢትዮጵያ ቀለሞች ማለትም በአረንጓዴ ፣ ቢጫ እና ቀይ ላይ ነው የመሠረቱት። አዲስ አበባ ደግሞ ለየተለያዩ በአፍሪካ ላይ ላተኮሩ አለም አቀፍ ድርጅቶች መቀመጫ ሆነች።